Hepatozoonosis (Tick-Borne Parasitic Protozoan Disease) in Cats

Hepatozoonosis occurs commonly in many parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, North America and Europe. Hepatozoonosis is rarely diagnosed and is usually an incidental finding. As such, this condition is not an emergency and not a disease of high concern in cats. Cats displaying associated symptoms may have an underlying condition, so follow up with a vet is recommended.

Cats diagnosed with hepatozoonosis may become anemic (low red blood cell count) or develop blood clotting abnormalities (coagulopathies), but this, like the associated symptoms already listed, may be caused by other underlying conditions and not the parasitic protozoan species itself.

Infection with H. felis may indicate immunosuppression, so cats diagnosed with the disease are suggested to be tested for feline immunodeficiency virus and other potential conditions as symptoms indicate.

Most cases of hepatozoonosis in cats are caused by the presence of parasitic protozoa in the host’s bloodstream. Specifically, the species Hepatozoon felis, Hepatozoon canis, and Hepatozoon silvestris have been reported in cats.

Little is known about the transmission of Hepatozoon felis, but it is presumed to behave similarly to the more extensively studied species Hepatozoon canis. H. canis infection occurs when a dog eats an infected tick, usually from licking or chewing a tick embedded in the skin. H. felis has been identified in ticks, however a link between tick exposure and H. felis infection has not been fully established.

As noted above, hepatozoonosis in cats does not conclusively cause symptoms in and of itself.

Cats are usually diagnosed with hepatozoonosis when their blood is examined for other reasons. The parasite is visible under a microscope in the immune cells of the bloodstream.

Diagnostic tests indicated for cats experiencing symptoms associated with hepatozoonosis include:

• Blood tests: Routine blood tests like a complete blood count and biochemistry profile may show changes associated with hepatozoonosis, but these abnormalities are not specific to the condition. Routine screening tests for feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus (FeLV/FIV) also provide information on the state of the cat’s immune system.
• Molecular testing: A blood sample may be tested for the parasite’s DNA specifically to confirm a diagnosis.
• Muscle biopsy: A sample of muscle tissue is collected and submitted for analysis. Hepatozoon may create parasitic cysts in the muscle, which can be seen under the microscope.

Treatment protocols have not been extensively studied in cats and treatment is not always indicated. There have been reports of successful combination treatment with anti-protozoal and antibiotic medications.

Since little is known about feline hepatozoonosis, the prognosis is undefined. However, it is unlikely to cause symptoms and is expected to have a favorable outcome as long as any underlying associated conditions are treated effectively.

In other words, a positive finding of Hepatazoon is presumed to be noteworthy but does not conclusively explain any symptoms at all.

Hepatozoon felis is thought to be contagious to other cats, and may be transmitted by ticks, similar to H. canis. H. canis is contagious to dogs and wild canine species. The most effective prevention method is limiting tick exposure and consistent adherence to vet-approved external parasite control.

Always consult a vet before choosing an external pesticide, especially in cats, as there are many products on the market whose safety and efficacy have not been proven.

Hepatozoonosis is expected to be common in areas where the parasite has been found, including Asia, Africa, North America and Europe, but is rarely diagnosed.

• Benign neglect
• Anti-protozoal medications
• Antibiotics